# Automated individual decision-making, including profiling 22(2) — GDPR — provision context

> Focused context for a single provision (22(2)), curated from overview.legal on 2026-08-22. Canonical: https://overview.legal/laws/gdpr/art-22#par-2
> Verify against the official text (EUR-Lex / wetten.overheid.nl) before relying on it.

Part of **Automated individual decision-making, including profiling** (GDPR, full article: https://overview.legal/laws/gdpr/art-22).

## Provision text

### 22(2)

Paragraph 1 shall not apply if the decision:

a) is necessary for entering into, or performance of, a contract between the data subject and a data controller;
b) is authorised by Union or Member State law to which the controller is subject and which also lays down suitable measures to safeguard the data subject's rights and freedoms and legitimate interests; or
c) is based on the data subject's explicit consent.

## Cited by (exact-provision citations)

- **Judgment of the General Court (Seventh Chamber, Extended Composition) of 19 November 2025.#Amazon EU Sàrl, venant aux droits de Amazon Services Europe Sàrl v European Commission.#Digital services – Regulation (EU) 2022/2065 – Designation as a very large online platform – Plea of illegality – Admissibility – Article 33(1) and (4) of Regulation 2022/2065 – Right to respect for private and family life – Freedom to conduct a business – Right to property – Equal treatment – Freedom of expression – Da** (case-law) — https://overview.legal/posts/132131
- **Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 7 December 2023.#OQ v Land Hessen.#Request for a preliminary ruling from the Verwaltungsgericht Wiesbaden.#Reference for a preliminary ruling – Protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data – Regulation (EU) 2016/679 – Article 22 – Automated individual decision-making – Credit information agencies – Automated establishment of a probability value concerning the ability of a person to meet payment commitments in the future (‘s** (case-law) — https://overview.legal/posts/132279
- **Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 7 December 2023.#OQ v Land Hessen.#Request for a preliminary ruling from the Verwaltungsgericht Wiesbaden.#Reference for a preliminary ruling – Protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data – Regulation (EU) 2016/679 – Article 22 – Automated individual decision-making – Credit information agencies – Automated establishment of a probability value concerning the ability of a person to meet payment commitments in the future (‘s** ¶54 (case-law, Court of Justice of the European Union) — https://overview.legal/posts/132279
- **Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 7 December 2023.#OQ v Land Hessen.#Request for a preliminary ruling from the Verwaltungsgericht Wiesbaden.#Reference for a preliminary ruling – Protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data – Regulation (EU) 2016/679 – Article 22 – Automated individual decision-making – Credit information agencies – Automated establishment of a probability value concerning the ability of a person to meet payment commitments in the future (‘s** ¶53 (case-law, Court of Justice of the European Union) — https://overview.legal/posts/132279
- **Judgment of the General Court (Seventh Chamber, Extended Composition) of 19 November 2025.#Amazon EU Sàrl, venant aux droits de Amazon Services Europe Sàrl v European Commission.#Digital services – Regulation (EU) 2022/2065 – Designation as a very large online platform – Plea of illegality – Admissibility – Article 33(1) and (4) of Regulation 2022/2065 – Right to respect for private and family life – Freedom to conduct a business – Right to property – Equal treatment – Freedom of expression – Da** ¶149 (case-law, General Court) — https://overview.legal/posts/132131
- **Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 7 December 2023.#OQ v Land Hessen.#Request for a preliminary ruling from the Verwaltungsgericht Wiesbaden.#Reference for a preliminary ruling – Protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data – Regulation (EU) 2016/679 – Article 22 – Automated individual decision-making – Credit information agencies – Automated establishment of a probability value concerning the ability of a person to meet payment commitments in the future (‘s** ¶62 (case-law, Court of Justice of the European Union) — https://overview.legal/posts/132279
- **Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 7 December 2023.#OQ v Land Hessen.#Request for a preliminary ruling from the Verwaltungsgericht Wiesbaden.#Reference for a preliminary ruling – Protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data – Regulation (EU) 2016/679 – Article 22 – Automated individual decision-making – Credit information agencies – Automated establishment of a probability value concerning the ability of a person to meet payment commitments in the future (‘s** ¶64 (case-law, Court of Justice of the European Union) — https://overview.legal/posts/132279
- **Contribution of the EDPB to the evaluation of the GDPR under Article 97** (guidance) — https://overview.legal/posts/126182
- **EDPB contribution to the EBA public consultation on draft regulatory technical standards on AML/CFT** (guidance) — https://overview.legal/posts/51178
- **EDPB contribution to the EBA public consultation on draft regulatory technical standards on AML/CFT** (guidance) — https://overview.legal/posts/51076
- **EDPB-EDPS Joint Opinion 01/2023 on the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down additional procedural rules relating to the enforcement of Regulation (EU) 2016/679** (guidance) — https://overview.legal/posts/125829
- **EDPB Annual Report 2022** (guidance) — https://overview.legal/posts/125861

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Generated by overview.legal · https://overview.legal/laws/gdpr/art-22#par-2 · 2026-08-22