# Definitions 4(4) — GDPR — provision context

> Focused context for a single provision (4(4)), curated from overview.legal on 2026-08-22. Canonical: https://overview.legal/laws/gdpr/art-4#par-4
> Verify against the official text (EUR-Lex / wetten.overheid.nl) before relying on it.

Part of **Definitions** (GDPR, full article: https://overview.legal/laws/gdpr/art-4).

## Provision text

### 4(4)

‘profiling’ means any form of automated processing of personal data consisting of the use of personal data to evaluate certain personal aspects relating to a natural person, in particular to analyse or predict aspects concerning that natural person's performance at work, economic situation, health, personal preferences, interests, reliability, behaviour, location or movements;


## Topics on this provision

- **Marketing** — https://overview.legal/topics/marketing
  Use of personal data for marketing and advertising purposes
- **Automated Decision-Making** — https://overview.legal/topics/geautomatiseerde-besluitvorming
  Processing involving automated decisions without human involvement
- **Personal Data** — https://overview.legal/topics/persoonsgegevens
  Information relating to identified or identifiable natural persons
- **Processing** — https://overview.legal/topics/verwerking
  Any operation performed on personal data
- **Profiling** — https://overview.legal/topics/profiling
  Automated processing to evaluate personal aspects

## Cited by (exact-provision citations)

- **Judgment of the General Court (Ninth Chamber) of 3 May 2018.#Republic of Malta v European Commission.#Access to documents — Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001 — Documents held by the Commission — Documents originating from a Member State — Documents exchanged pursuant to the control system for ensuring compliance with the rules of the common fisheries policy — Article 113 of Regulation (EC) No 1224/2009 — Public access following a request made by a non-governmental organisation — Action for annulment** (case-law) — https://overview.legal/posts/132343
- **Judgment of the General Court (Tenth Chamber, Extended Composition) of 3 September 2025.#Philippe Latombe v European Commission.#Transfer of personal data to the United States – Commission Implementing Decision on the adequate level of protection of personal data ensured by the United States – Right to an effective remedy – Right to private and family life – Decisions based solely on the automated processing of personal data – Security of the processing of personal data.#Case T-553/23.** (case-law) — https://overview.legal/posts/132137
- **Judgment of the General Court (Eighth Chamber, Extended Composition) of 27 April 2022.#Robert Roos and Others v European Parliament.#Public health – Requirement to present a valid EU digital COVID-19 certificate to access the Parliament’s buildings – Legal basis – Freedom and independence of Members of the European Parliament – Obligation to ensure the health of staff in the service of the European Union – Parliamentary immunity – Processing of personal data – Right to respect for private life –** (case-law) — https://overview.legal/posts/132313
- **BVwG - W256 2227693-1** (case-law) — https://overview.legal/posts/125664
- **Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 7 December 2023.#OQ v Land Hessen.#Request for a preliminary ruling from the Verwaltungsgericht Wiesbaden.#Reference for a preliminary ruling – Protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data – Regulation (EU) 2016/679 – Article 22 – Automated individual decision-making – Credit information agencies – Automated establishment of a probability value concerning the ability of a person to meet payment commitments in the future (‘s** (case-law) — https://overview.legal/posts/132279
- **Judgment of the General Court (Ninth Chamber) of 3 May 2018.#Republic of Malta v European Commission.#Access to documents — Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001 — Documents held by the Commission — Documents originating from a Member State — Documents exchanged pursuant to the control system for ensuring compliance with the rules of the common fisheries policy — Article 113 of Regulation (EC) No 1224/2009 — Public access following a request made by a non-governmental organisation — Action for annulment** ¶93 (case-law, General Court) — https://overview.legal/posts/132343
- **Judgment of the General Court (Ninth Chamber) of 3 May 2018.#Republic of Malta v European Commission.#Access to documents — Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001 — Documents held by the Commission — Documents originating from a Member State — Documents exchanged pursuant to the control system for ensuring compliance with the rules of the common fisheries policy — Article 113 of Regulation (EC) No 1224/2009 — Public access following a request made by a non-governmental organisation — Action for annulment** ¶98 (case-law, General Court) — https://overview.legal/posts/132343
- **Judgment of the General Court (Ninth Chamber) of 3 May 2018.#Republic of Malta v European Commission.#Access to documents — Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001 — Documents held by the Commission — Documents originating from a Member State — Documents exchanged pursuant to the control system for ensuring compliance with the rules of the common fisheries policy — Article 113 of Regulation (EC) No 1224/2009 — Public access following a request made by a non-governmental organisation — Action for annulment** ¶101 (case-law, General Court) — https://overview.legal/posts/132343
- **Judgment of the General Court (Ninth Chamber) of 3 May 2018.#Republic of Malta v European Commission.#Access to documents — Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001 — Documents held by the Commission — Documents originating from a Member State — Documents exchanged pursuant to the control system for ensuring compliance with the rules of the common fisheries policy — Article 113 of Regulation (EC) No 1224/2009 — Public access following a request made by a non-governmental organisation — Action for annulment** ¶71 (case-law, General Court) — https://overview.legal/posts/132343
- **Judgment of the General Court (Ninth Chamber) of 3 May 2018.#Republic of Malta v European Commission.#Access to documents — Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001 — Documents held by the Commission — Documents originating from a Member State — Documents exchanged pursuant to the control system for ensuring compliance with the rules of the common fisheries policy — Article 113 of Regulation (EC) No 1224/2009 — Public access following a request made by a non-governmental organisation — Action for annulment** ¶99 (case-law, General Court) — https://overview.legal/posts/132343
- **Judgment of the General Court (Eighth Chamber, Extended Composition) of 27 April 2022.#Robert Roos and Others v European Parliament.#Public health – Requirement to present a valid EU digital COVID-19 certificate to access the Parliament’s buildings – Legal basis – Freedom and independence of Members of the European Parliament – Obligation to ensure the health of staff in the service of the European Union – Parliamentary immunity – Processing of personal data – Right to respect for private life –** ¶182 (case-law, General Court) — https://overview.legal/posts/132313
- **Judgment of the General Court (Ninth Chamber) of 3 May 2018.#Republic of Malta v European Commission.#Access to documents — Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001 — Documents held by the Commission — Documents originating from a Member State — Documents exchanged pursuant to the control system for ensuring compliance with the rules of the common fisheries policy — Article 113 of Regulation (EC) No 1224/2009 — Public access following a request made by a non-governmental organisation — Action for annulment** ¶102 (case-law, General Court) — https://overview.legal/posts/132343

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Generated by overview.legal · https://overview.legal/laws/gdpr/art-4#par-4 · 2026-08-22