# Processing of special categories of personal data 9(1) — GDPR — provision context

> Focused context for a single provision (9(1)), curated from overview.legal on 2026-08-22. Canonical: https://overview.legal/laws/gdpr/art-9#par-1
> Verify against the official text (EUR-Lex / wetten.overheid.nl) before relying on it.

Part of **Processing of special categories of personal data** (GDPR, full article: https://overview.legal/laws/gdpr/art-9).

## Provision text

### 9(1)

Processing of personal data revealing racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religious or philosophical beliefs, or trade union membership, and the processing of genetic data, biometric data for the purpose of uniquely identifying a natural person, data concerning health or data concerning a natural person's sex life or sexual orientation shall be prohibited.


## Topics on this provision

- **Special Categories of Data** — https://overview.legal/topics/bijzondere-persoonsgegevens
  Sensitive data requiring enhanced protection (health, biometric, etc.)
- **Genetic Data** — https://overview.legal/topics/genetic-data
  Processing of genetic and hereditary data
- **Types of Special Categories of Personal Data** — https://overview.legal/topics/special-categories-data-types
  A dedicated topic is needed to comprehensively cover the specific types and definitions of special categories of personal data, including racial/ethnic origin, 
- **Religious Beliefs** — https://overview.legal/topics/religious-beliefs
  Processing of religious or philosophical beliefs
- **Political Opinions** — https://overview.legal/topics/political-opinions
  Processing of political views and affiliations

## Cited by (exact-provision citations)

- **Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 27 February 2025.#CK v Magistrat der Stadt Wien.#Request for a preliminary ruling from the Verwaltungsgericht Wien.#Reference for a preliminary ruling – Protection of personal data – Regulation (EU) 2016/679 – Article 15(1)(h) – Automated decision-making, including profiling – Scoring – Assessment of the creditworthiness of a natural person – Access to meaningful information about the logic involved in profiling – Verification of the accuracy of the infor** (case-law) — https://overview.legal/posts/132146
- **Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 4 October 2024.#ND v DR.#Request for a preliminary ruling from the Bundesgerichtshof.#Reference for a preliminary ruling – Protection of personal data – Regulation (EU) 2016/679 – Chapter VIII – Remedies – Medicinal products marketed by a pharmacist on an online platform – Action brought before the national civil courts by a competitor of that pharmacist on the basis of the prohibition of unfair commercial practices for infringement by the pharmacist of t** (case-law) — https://overview.legal/posts/132163
- **GC - T‑375/22 - Izuzquiza and Others v Parliament** (case-law) — https://overview.legal/posts/122876
- **Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 2 December 2025.#X v Russmedia Digital SRL and Inform Media Press SRL.#Request for a preliminary ruling from the Curtea de Apel Cluj.#Reference for a preliminary ruling – Protection of personal data – Regulation (EU) 2016/679 – Article 4(7) – Concept of ‘controller’ – Responsibility of the operator of an online marketplace for the publication of personal data contained in advertisements placed on its online marketplace by user advertisers – Article 5(2) –** (case-law) — https://overview.legal/posts/132130
- **Judgment of the Court (Eighth Chamber) of 19 December 2024.#MK v K GmbH.#Request for a preliminary ruling from the Bundesarbeitsgericht.#Reference for a preliminary ruling – Protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data – Regulation (EU) 2016/679 – Article 88(1) and (2) – Processing in the context of employment – Employees’ personal data – More specific rules provided for by a Member State pursuant to that Article 88 – Obligation to comply with Article 5, Article 6** (case-law) — https://overview.legal/posts/132156
- **Judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber) of 4 October 2024.#Maximilian Schrems v Meta Platforms Ireland Limited.#Request for a preliminary ruling from the Oberster Gerichtshof.#Reference for a preliminary ruling – Protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data – Regulation (EU) 2016/679 – Online social networks – General terms of use relating to contracts concluded between a digital platform and a user – Personalised advertising – Article 5(1)(b) – Principle of purpos** (case-law) — https://overview.legal/posts/132159
- **Meta Platforms v noyb** (case-law) — https://overview.legal/posts/51484
- **CJEU Bavarian Lager: Disclosing personal data in access-to-documents requests is** (case-law) — https://overview.legal/posts/6182
- **GC and Others v CNIL** (case-law) — https://overview.legal/posts/51475
- **CJEU - Case C‑5/25 - Pilev** (case-law) — https://overview.legal/posts/125592
- **Dutch Supreme Court: Bank may require online ID copy and selfie for AMLD compliance** (case-law) — https://overview.legal/posts/108994
- **Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 21 March 2024.#RL v Landeshauptstadt Wiesbaden.#Request for a preliminary ruling from the Verwaltungsgericht Wiesbaden.#Reference for a preliminary ruling – Regulation (EU) 2019/1157 – Strengthening the security of identity cards of EU citizens – Validity – Legal basis – Article 21(2) TFEU – Article 77(3) TFEU – Regulation (EU) 2019/1157 – Article 3(5) – Obligation for Member States to include two fingerprints in interoperable digital formats in the stora** (case-law) — https://overview.legal/posts/132266

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Generated by overview.legal · https://overview.legal/laws/gdpr/art-9#par-1 · 2026-08-22