Laws · GDPR ·art-4-par-4 EN LLM context A cited markdown file you can paste into your AI assistant (ChatGPT, Claude, a RAG or project knowledge base) to ground it in this document. Contains: this document’s text, its sections with their topics, and the full text of every law provision it applies. Everything links back to its source on overview.legal — legal information, not advice.
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‘profiling’ means any form of automated processing of personal data consisting of the use of personal data to evaluate certain personal aspects relating to a natural person, in particular to analyse or predict aspects concerning that natural person's performance at work, economic situation, health, personal preferences, interests, reliability, behaviour, location or movements;
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Cited by
- Guidelines 05/2022 on the use of facial recognition technology in the area of law enforcement
- Guidelines 06/2020 on the interplay of the Second Payment Services Directive and the GDPR
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- Guidelines 3/2025 on the interplay between the DSA and the GDPR
- Joint Guidelines on the Interplay between the Digital Markets Act and the General Data Protection Regulation
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- Opinion 2/2026 on the Proposal for a Directive amending Directives (EU) 2016/2341 and 2016/97 as regards the strengthening of the framework for occupational retirement provision
- EDPB-EDPS Joint opinion 2/2026 on the Proposal for a Regulation as regards the simplification of the digital legislative framework (
- Austrian FAC: DPA rightly found loyalty program consent for profiling invalid under GDPR
- Guidelines 01/2023 on Article 37 Law Enforcement Directive
- Opinion 08/2024 on Valid Consent in the Context of Consent or Pay Models Implemented by Large Online Platforms
- EDPB-EDPS Joint Opinion 03/2022 on the Proposal for a Regulation on the European Health Data Space
- Contribution of the EDPB to the European Commission’s evaluation of the Data Protection Law Enforcement Directive (LED) under Article 62
- EDPB-EDPS Joint Opinion 03/2021 on the Proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on European data governance (Data Governance Act)
- EU - U.S. Privacy Shield - Third Annual Joint Review report – 12/11/2019
- EU - U.S. Privacy Shield - Second Annual Joint Review report – 22/01/2019
- Philippe Latombe v European Commission
- OQ v Land Hessen
- Robert Roos and Others v European Parliament
- Republic of Malta v European Commission
- General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) – Revolution Coming to European Data Protection Laws in 2018. What’s New for Ordinary Citizens?
- Data is power: Towards additional guidance on profiling and automated decision-making in the GDPR
- HOW GDPR TREATS AUTOMATED DECISION-MAKING
- Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Inferred data dalam Automated Decision-Making: Studi Perbandingan GDPR dan UU PDP
- BVwG - W254 2253353-1
- DSB (Austria) - D123.768/0004-DSB/2019
- Garante fines Lusha Systems Inc. over unauthorized B2B contact database
- NAIH (Hungary) - NAIH-450-7-2026
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